Nhau

Nhanganyaya yependi

Muhurongwa hwezvivakwa uye hwemaindasitiri munharaunda yemazuva ano, mapaipi anoita basa rakakosha. Akafanana netsinga dzekutakura dzakanyarara, dzinotakura zvinwiwa, magasi nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana chinyararire, dzichivimbisa kuwanikwa kwesimba, kushanda zvakanaka kwekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri uye nyore kwehupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Zvisinei, shure kwebasa rakanyarara repaipi, kune "chidziviriro chisingaonekwe" chakakosha - pendi yemapaipi, iyo inopa dziviriro yakakosha yepaipi.

1. Tsanangudzo uye basa rependi yemapaipi

Pendi yemapaipi, sezita rayo, ipendi yakagadzirirwa kushandiswa pamusoro pemapaipi. Basa rayo guru rinopfuura kushongedza zviri nyore uye zviratidzo, asi rinonyanya kushanda pamatanho ese ekudzivirira mapaipi uye kugadzirisa mashandiro awo.

(1) Kudzivirira ngura nengura

Mapaipi esimbi anowanzo ngura uye kuita ngura munzvimbo dzine hunyoro, acidic kana alkaline. Izvi hazvingogumiri pakupfupisa hupenyu hwepaipi, asiwo zvinogona kukonzera kubuda kwemvura mupaipi, zvichikonzera tsaona dzakakomba dzekuchengetedza uye kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza. Pendi yemapaipi inogona kuita jira pamusoro pepombi kuti iparadzanise chidziviriro chekunze kwenzvimbo, zvinobudirira kudzivirira hunyoro, okisijeni nezvinhu zvinoparadza uye kusangana kwesimbi zvakananga. Pakati pazvo, pigments dzinorwisa ngura, dzakadai sered lead, zinc powder, nezvimwewo, dzinogona kusangana nesimbi pamusoro payo kuti dzigadzire jira rakagadzikana remakemikari, zvichiwedzera simba rekudzivirira ngura. Nenzira iyi, pendi yemapaipi inononoka maitiro ekuora nengura, inowedzera hupenyu hwepaipi zvakanyanya, uye inoderedza mutengo wekugadzirisa nekutsiva nekuda kwekukuvara kwepaipi.

(2) Kuvandudza kusimba kwemamiriro ekunze

Pombi inoonekwa kunze inotarisana nemamiriro ekunze akasiyana-siyana akaipisisa, kuratidzwa kwezuva kuchaita kuti coating ichembere uye ipere, mvura inonaya ichaderedza kunamira kwecoating, uye kuchinjana kwechando nekupisa kuchaita kuti zvinhu zvepaipi zviwedzere uye zviderere, zvichikanganisa kusimba kwecoating. Pendi yepombi yemhando yepamusoro ine simba rakanaka rekudzivirira mamiriro ekunze uye inogona kuchengetedza kushanda kwakasimba mukuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kwenguva refu. Kuumbwa kwayo kwakakosha kunoita kuti isapindwe nemwaranzi ye ultraviolet, ichidzivirira kukwegura kwecoating uye kupwanyika; Panguva imwe chete, kudzivirira mvura zvakanaka kunoita kuti mvura isapinde mucoating, ichidzivirira ngura yesimbi iri pasi. Muchando chinotonhora, pendi yepombi inogona kutsungirira kukanganiswa nekupisa kwakaderera, isina kutsemuka uye kusvuuka; Muzhizha rinopisa, inogona kupisa zvinobudirira insulation, kuderedza kuwedzera kwekupisa kwemukati kwepombi, nokudaro ichideredza kupisa kwezvinhu zvepaipi uye kuona kushanda kwakachengeteka kwepombi.

(3) Kuzivikanwa uye yambiro

Mumasystem akaomarara emapombi, mapaipi ezvinangwa zvakasiyana anofanirwa kusiyaniswa nemavara akajeka kuitira kuti vashandisi vagone kuaziva nekukurumidza uye nemazvo uye kuagadzirisa. Semuenzaniso, mapaipi egasi anowanzo pendiwa yero kuratidza njodzi dzinogona kuitika uye zvinodiwa pakushandiswa kwakakosha; mapaipi emoto anopendiwa tsvuku kuitira kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti anogona kuwanikwa nekukurumidza uye kushandiswa munguva yenjodzi. Pamusoro pezvo, pendi yemapombi inogonawo kuwedzera zviratidzo zvekunyevera zvinobata maziso munzvimbo dzine njodzi, nzvimbo dzine kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kana zvikamu zvakakosha zvekushanda, zvakaita sekuti "njodzi ine kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya", "usabata" nezvimwewo. Zviratidzo izvi hazvingogumiri pakuyeuchidza vashandi kuti vateerere kuchengetedzeka, kudzivirira kushandiswa zvisirizvo, asiwo zvinopa ruzivo rwakakosha kune vashandi vekununura mumamiriro ezvinhu enjodzi, kukurumidzisa kukurumidza kwekurapwa nekukurumidza, uye kuderedza kurasikirwa netsaona.

(4) Kuvandudza runako

Kunyange hazvo runako rwusiri iro basa guru rependi yepombi, pendi yakachena, yakafanana, ine mavara akajeka pasina mubvunzo inogona kuwedzera chitarisiko chese chepombi. Munzvimbo dzemaindasitiri, pendi yepombi yakajairika uye yakabatana inogona kuratidza nhanho yehutungamiriri uye mufananidzo wemabhizinesi; Munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji, dzakadai semigwagwa yemaguta, nzvimbo dzekugara, nezvimwewo, pendi yepombi yakanaka inogona kuderedza kuzara kwemaonero uye kuita kuti nharaunda ive yakachena uye yakarongeka. Pamusoro pezvo, chitarisiko chakanaka chinogona kuwedzera chivimbo cheveruzhinji nekugutsikana nezvivakwa uye kuwedzera kunaka kweguta.

2, mhando uye hunhu hwependi yemapaipi

Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzependi dzemapaipi, imwe neimwe ine mashandiro akasiyana uye mamiriro ekushandiswa akasiyana kuti igutse zvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza mapaipi akasiyana munzvimbo dzakasiyana uye mamiriro ekushanda.

(1) Pendi inodzivirira ngura

Pendi inodzivirira ngura ipurasitiki inoshandiswa kudzivirira ngura yesimbi, uye ndeimwe yepurasitiki huru yekudzivirira mapaipi. Inowanzo kuve nepigments dzakakosha dzinodzivirira ngura nezvimwe zvinowedzera, izvo zvinogona kugadzira firimu rekudzivirira rakakora pamusoro pesimbi, zvichivhara kusangana kweokisijeni, hunyoro uye zvinoparadza nesimbi, kuitira kudzivirira ngura.
Pendi inodzivirira ngura yakakamurwa zvikuru muzvikamu zviviri: pendi inodzivirira ngura ine mafuta uye pendi inodzivirira ngura ine mvura. Pendi inodzivirira ngura ine organic solvent semusanganiswa, ine hunhu hwekuoma nekukurumidza uye inoshanda zvakanaka inodzivirira ngura, asi nekuda kwehuwandu hwayo hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvinopisa (VOC), ine simba rakati panharaunda nehutano hwevanhu, saka kushandiswa kwayo kunoenderana nezvimwe zvirambidzo. Kusiyana neizvi, pendi inodzivirira ngura ine mvura inoshandisa mvura semusanganiswa, iyo ine zvakanakira zvekuchengetedza nharaunda, kuchengetedzeka, uye haisi nyore kupisa, uye inosangana nezvinodiwa nemitemo yemazuva ano yezvakatipoteredza. Zvisinei, nguva yayo yekuoma yakareba, uye kushanda kwayo kwekudzivirira ngura kunogona kunge kwakaipa zvishoma pane pendi inodzivirira ngura ine mafuta mune dzimwe nguva.
Panyaya yepigments dzinorwisa ngura, common red lead, zinc powder, zinc phosphate nezvimwewo. Pendi yered lead inorwisa ngura ine simba rakanaka rekudzivirira ngura, asi nekuda kwekuti red lead ine lead, inokuvadza nharaunda nemuviri wemunhu, yave ichideredzwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Pendi yeZinc powder inorwisa ngura inoshandisa dziviriro ye electrochemical ye zinc, iyo inogona kupa dziviriro inoshanda kwenguva refu yekudzivirira ngura kune simbi, kunyanya yakakodzera nharaunda yeMarine nedzimwe nguva dzinoparadza. Pendi yeZinc phosphate inorwisa ngura inosangana nesimbi pamusoro pechinhu kuti igadzire firimu rekudzivirira phosphate rakagadzikana, rine hunhu hwakanaka hwekudzivirira ngura uye kudzivirira mvura.

(2) Pendi inodzivirira ngura

Pendi inodzivirira ngura ipende yakagadzirwa zvakananga kudzivirira kukuvadzwa kwezvinhu zvemakemikari, uye inoita basa guru mukudzivirira mapaipi mumakemikari, peturu, tsvina yetsvina nedzimwe nzvimbo. Zvichienderana nemarudzi akasiyana ependi inodzivirira ngura, pendi inodzivirira ngura inogona kukamurwa kuita pendi inodzivirira acid, pendi inodzivirira alkali, pendi inopfapfaidza munyu nedzimwe mhando.
Pendi inodzivirira acid inonyanya kushandiswa kudzivirira ngura yezvinhu zvine acid, zvakaita sesulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid nezvimwewo. Mafomula anowanzo kuve nemaresini anodzivirira acid uye mafiller akakosha anochengetedza kusimba uye kugadzikana kwependi munzvimbo dzine acid. Pendi inodzivirira alkali ndeyezvinhu zvine alkaline, zvakaita sesodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, nezvimwewo, ine alkali resistance yakanaka. Pendi inodzivirira salt spray inodzivirira salt spray inodzivirira kukurwa kwemvura munzvimbo dzegungwa kana nzvimbo dzegungwa, kuburikidza nechimiro chakakosha che coating uye pigments inodzivirira ngura, zvinobudirira kudzivirira kuiswa kwemunyu uye ngura pamusoro pepombi.
Pakusarudza pendi inodzivirira ngura, zvakakosha kufunga zvakadzama nezvepakati, tembiricha yekushanda, kumanikidzwa nezvimwe zvinhu zvekufambisa mapaipi. Semuenzaniso, mupaipi yemakemikari, kana kuendesa kwacho kuri makemikari anoparadza zvakanyanya, zvakakosha kusarudza pendi inodzivirira ngura ine makemikari akasimba, uye kusarudza rudzi rwe resin ne pigment zvinoenderana nehunhu hwekemikari yacho.

(3) Pendi inodzivirira kupisa kwakanyanya

Mune mamwe mashandisirwo akakosha emaindasitiri, akadai semapaipi ekupisa, mapaipi efurnace emaindasitiri, mapaipi eutsi hweinjini, nezvimwewo, mapaipi acho anofanira kushanda kwenguva yakareba munzvimbo inodziya zvakanyanya. Pendi inodzivirira kupisa kwakanyanya inogadzirwa kuti igutse kudiwa uku.
Pendi inodzivirira kupisa kwakanyanya inogona kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwependi mumamiriro ekupisa kwakanyanya, pasina kupfava, kuyerera, kudonha nezvimwe zviitiko. Zvikamu zvayo zvikuru zvinosanganisira resin inodzivirira kupisa kwakanyanya, pigment inodzivirira kupisa uye zvinozadza zvinoshanda. Pendi inodzivirira kupisa kwakanyanya yeSilicone imhando yakajairika ine kudzivirira kupisa kwakanyanya uye inogona kushandiswa kwenguva yakareba munzvimbo yekupisa kubva pa200 ° C kusvika 600 ° C. Pendi yesilicon isingasanganisike inogona kutsungirira kupisa kwakanyanya, kusvika ku800 ° C kana kutopfuura 1000 ° C, asi kuchinjika kwayo uye kunamira kwayo kwakaderera.
Kuti pendi ishande zvakanaka pakupisa kwakanyanya, panofanirwa kugadziriswa zvakanyanya pamusoro pepombi isati yagadzirwa kuti ibvise mafuta, ngura uye oxide. Panguva imwe chete, panguva yekuvaka, kutarisirwa kunofanira kupihwa pakudzora ukobvu uye kufanana kwependi kuti pasave nekukora kwakanyanya kana kutetepa.

(4) Pendi inodziisa kupisa

Pamapaipi anotumira simba kana anoshandiswa mumidziyo yemagetsi, senge machubhu ekudzivirira tambo, ma transformer housings, nezvimwewo, kushanda zvakanaka kwe insulation kwakakosha. Pendi ye insulation inogona kugadzira insulation layer yakanaka pamusoro pepaipi, kudzivirira kubuda kwemhepo, uye kuona kuti michina yemagetsi inoshanda zvakachengeteka.
Pendi yekudzivirira kupisa inowanzo gadzirwa ne resin yakagadzirwa, solvent uye insulating filler, uye ine insulation resistance yakanaka, voltage resistance uye hunyoro resistance. Mapendi ekudzivirira kupisa anowanzo sanganisira alkyd insulating pendi, polyester insulating pendi, epoxy insulating pendi nezvimwewo. Pakusarudza pendi yekudzivirira kupisa, zvakakosha kufunga zvakanyanya nezvezvinhu zvakaita sevoltage yekushanda, mashandisirwo enzvimbo uye zvinodiwa zve insulation zvepaipi.

(5) Pendi yekudzivirira zvakatipoteredza

Nekuvandudzika kuri kuramba kuchiitwa pasi rose pakuchengetedza nharaunda, pendi yemapombi isingakuvadzi nharaunda yave nzira yekukura mumusika. Rudzi urwu rwependi runoderedza kuburitswa kwemakemikari anoshanduka kuita organic (VOC) mukugadzirwa nekushandiswa, runoderedza kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, uye runoderedzawo njodzi kuhutano kune vashandi vekuvaka nevanoshandisa.
Pendi yekudzivirira nharaunda inonyanya kusanganisira pendi inobva mumvura, pendi yakasimba uye isina zvinonyungudutsa nezvimwewo. Pendi inoyerera mumvura inoshandisa mvura semusanganiswa, haina zvinonyungudutsa zvakasikwa, ine zvakanakira zvekuchengetedza nharaunda, kuchengetedzeka, isingatsve nezvimwewo. Nekuwedzera huwandu hwakasimba mupendi, kushandiswa kwezvinonyungudutsa kunoderedzwa, nokudaro zvichideredza kuburitswa kweVOC. Pendi isina zvinonyungudutsa inenge isina zvinonyungudutsa uye ine hunhu hwakanaka hwemuviri nemakemikari, asi zvinodiwa pakuvaka zvakakwirira.
Pendi yekudzivirira nharaunda haisi yakanaka chete mukuchengetedza nharaunda, asi mashandiro ayo ari kuramba achivandudzwa, inogona kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza mapaipi akasiyana-siyana, uye yakaita mupiro wakanaka mukusimudzira nharaunda.

3. kusarudzwa kwenzvimbo dzependi dzemapaipi

Kusarudza pendi yepombi yakakodzera ndiyo kiyi yekuona kuti pombi inodzivirira uye inogara kwenguva refu. Pakusarudza, pane zvinhu zvakawanda zvinofanirwa kutariswa kuti zvienderane nezvinodiwa zvepombi munzvimbo chaiyo uye mamiriro ekushanda.

(A) kushandiswa kwenzvimbo yepombi

Mamiriro enzvimbo yepombi ndiwo anonyanya kufungwa nezvawo pakusarudza pendi yepombi. Nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzine zvinodiwa zvakasiyana pakushanda kwependi.
Kana pombi yacho yakaiswa munzvimbo ine hunyoro pasi pevhu, senge mapaipi etsvina, mapaipi egasi pasi pevhu, nezvimwewo, zvakakosha kusarudza pendi ine hunyoro hwakanaka uye inodzivirira ngura. Rudzi urwu rwependi runowanzo dzivirira mvura uye makemikari, izvo zvinogona kudzivirira zvinobudirira kuputsika kwemvura nemakemikari muvhu repasi pevhu.
Pamapaipi anobuda kunze, akadai semapaipi ekupisa pamusoro pemvura, mapaipi emafuta, nezvimwewo, anofanira kutsungirira miedzo yezvinhu zvakasikwa zvakaita sekupiswa nezuva, kukurwa kwemvura, kukurwa kwemhepo nejecha. Saka, pendi yemapaipi ine simba rekudzivirira mamiriro ekunze uye inodzivirira kupwanyika inofanira kusarudzwa kuitira kuti pendi yacho irambe yakasimba munzvimbo yekunze kwenguva refu.
Kana pombi iri munzvimbo ine tembiricha yepamusoro, senge mapaipi efurnace eindasitiri, mapaipi emhepo inopisa, nezvimwewo, pendi inodzivirira tembiricha yepamusoro ndiyo sarudzo yakanakisisa. Pendi iyi inogona kuchengetedza hunhu hwayo hwemuviri uye hwemakemikari patembiricha yepamusoro, ichidzivirira pombi kubva pakukanganisika, ngura nezvimwe zvinetso zvinokonzerwa netembiricha yepamusoro.

(B) Zvinhu zvinotakurwa nemapaipi

Zvinhu zvinotakurwa nepaipi zvine simba guru pakusarudza pendi yepombi. Zvinhu zvakasiyana zvine hunhu hwakasiyana hwemakemikari nehwepanyama, izvo zvinogona kukonzera ngura, kunyungudika kana kupera simba papombi.
Kana pombi iri kutakura zvinhu zvinopisa, zvakaita seacids, alkalis, salt solutions, nezvimwewo, saka unofanira kusarudza pendi inodzivirira kupisa inogona kutsungirira kukuvadzwa kwemakemikari anoenderana nayo. Semuenzaniso, pombi inotakura sulfuric acid inofanira kushandisa pendi inodzivirira acid, uye pombi inotakura sodium hydroxide solution inofanira kushandisa pendi inodzivirira alkali.
Kuti zvinhu zvinobvira moto nezvinoputika zvakaita semafuta negasi rechisikigo zvifambiswe, pamusoro pekufunga nezvesimba rekudzivirira ngura, zvakakoshawo kusarudza pendi yepombi ine simba rakanaka rekudzivirira ngura kudzivirira kuungana kwemagetsi asingachinji kuti asakonzere tsaona dzemoto kana kuputika.
Kana iri pombi yemvura yekunwa kana yechikafu, sarudzo yependi yakanyanya kuoma, inofanira kushandisa pendi isina chepfu inodzivirira zvakatipoteredza inosangana nezvinodiwa zvehutano, kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvinhu zvinotakurwa hazvina kusvibiswa, kuchengetedza hutano nekuchengetedzeka kweveruzhinji.

(C) Mamiriro ekuvaka

Mamiriro ekuvaka ane simba rakananga pakusarudzwa uye mhedzisiro yependi yepombi. Nzira yekuvaka, kufefetera kwenzvimbo yekuvaka, uye zvinodiwa pakugadzirisa pamusoro penzvimbo zvese zvinhu zvinofanirwa kutariswa.
Mapendi akasiyana-siyana emapaipi akakodzera nzira dzakasiyana dzekuvaka. Semuenzaniso, mamwe mapendi akakodzera kukwesha nekuda kwekusimba kwawo kwakanyanya uye anogona kubatanidzwa zvakaenzana pamusoro pepaipi pasi pekushanda kwebhurashi; Mamwe mapendi akakodzera kupfapfaidza nekuti anoumba kupeta kwakatetepa uye kwakafanana.
Kufefetedza kwenzvimbo yekuvaka kwakakoshawo. Munzvimbo dzisina mhepo yakakwana, pendi ine makemikari anonyungudika (VOC) inofanira kusarudzwa kuderedza kukuvadzwa kwehutano hwevashandi vekuvaka uye kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Pamusoro pezvo, zvinodiwa pakugadzirisa pamusoro pepombi zvichakanganisawo sarudzo yependi. Kana pamusoro pepombi pakaita ngura zvakanyanya kana paine tsvina yakaita semafuta, zvakakosha kusarudza pendi yepombi inogona kuramba yakanamatira zvakanaka mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka pamusoro, kana kuti kugadziriswa kwakasimba pamusoro usati wavaka.

(D) Bhajeti

Pakusarudza pendi yepombi, bhajeti chinhu chisingafanirwe kufuratirwa. Mutengo wemhando dzakasiyana uye mhando dzependi yepombi unosiyana zvakanyanya, saka zvakakosha kusarudza zvinoenderana nebhajeti iri pasi pepfungwa yekuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvekudzivirira.
Kazhinji, pendi dzemapaipi dzinoshanda zvakanaka dzinodhura, asi dzinogona kupa nguva yakareba yekushanda uye dziviriro iri nani. Kana bhajeti iri shoma, unogona kusarudza zvigadzirwa zvinodhura zvishoma, asi ita shuwa kuti mashandiro adzo anogona kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekudzivirira zvepaipi.
Panguva imwe chete, zvakakoshawo kufunga nezvemutengo wekugadzirisa pendi yepombi. Mamwe mapendi epombi emhando yepamusoro, kunyangwe mari yekutanga iri yakakwira, anogona kunge asingadhuri zvakanyanya nekufamba kwenguva nekuda kwekugara kwenguva refu kwawo uye kusagara kwenguva refu kwekugadzirisa.

4, tekinoroji yekuvaka pendi yemapaipi

Tekinoroji yekuvaka chaiyo chinhu chakakosha kuti pendi yemapaipi irambe ichidzivirira. Nekunyatsotevedzera maitiro ekuvaka, ndipo patinogona kuona kuti kunaka uye kushanda kwependi yacho zvinosangana nezvinangwa zvinotarisirwa.

(1) Kurapa pamusoro

Kugadzirisa pamusoro ndiyo danho guru rekugadzira pendi yepombi, uye kunaka kwayo kunokanganisa zvakananga kunamira uye kudzivirira kwependi.
Pamberi pekugadzirisa pamusoro pepombi, pamusoro pepombi panofanira kucheneswa zvakakwana kubvisa tsvina dzakadai semafuta, guruva, ngura, uye oxide. Pamapaipi ane ngura zvakanyanya, kurapwa kwekubvisa ngura kunowanzoitwa nejecha, pickling, grinding nedzimwe nzira. Jecha rinoputika inzira yakajairika yekubvisa ngura, iyo inobvisa ngura uye oxidation layer nekurova pamusoro pepombi nejecha rakapfapfaidzwa nekukurumidza, kuitira kuti pamusoro payo pasvike pakukora uye kuwedzera kunamira kwependi. Pickling kushandiswa kweacid solution kunyungudutsa ngura ne oxide pamusoro pepombi, asi zvakakosha kutarisisa kurapwa kwe neutralization uye kugeza mushure me pickling kudzivirira residual acid kuti isakonzere ngura yepiri papombi. Kukuya kwakakodzera kurapwa kwenzvimbo kana nzvimbo diki pamusoro.
Pamusoro pekubvisa ngura, zvakakoshawo kubvisa mafuta neguruva pamusoro pepombi. Nzira dzakadai sekuchenesa zvinonyungudutsa mvura, kuchenesa lye kana kusukurudza mvura ine simba guru dzinogona kushandiswa. Mushure mekunge kugadziriswa kwepombi kwapera, kunofanira kuongororwa nenguva kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti pombi inosangana nezvinodiwa zvekuchena uye kuomarara.

(2) Kuputira

Kuisa jira rekutanga (pre-coating) inzira yekuisa jira rekutanga (pre-coating) zvikamu zvepaipi zvakaoma kupenda, zvakaita se weld, kona, ne bolt joint.
Nekuda kwechimiro chakaomarara, zvikamu izvi zvinowanzosangana nematambudziko akadai sekupeta zvakatetepa uye kushaya peta panguva yekupenda yakajairika, saka zvinoda kugadziriswa pachine nguva. Pendi inoshandiswa pakupeta inofanira kunge yakafanana nepeta huru, uye kuvaka kunofanira kuitwa nebhurashi kana pfuti diki yekupfapfaidza kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuti zvikamu izvi zvakachengetedzwa zvakakwana.

(3) Kupenda

Kupenda ndiyo nzira huru yekubatanidza pendi yemapaipi, zvichienderana nerudzi rwependi yemapaipi uye zvinodiwa pakuvaka, sarudza nzira yakakodzera yekupenda.
Kuputira bhurashi inzira yechinyakare yekuputira, yakakodzera nzvimbo diki, chimiro chakaoma chepombi kana kugadziriswa kwenzvimbo. Paunenge uchishandisa bhurashi, nyatsoteerera kuomarara nehupamhi hwemabhurashi, pamwe nekutungamira nesimba rebhurashi, kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti bhurashi racho rakaenzana uye harina kubuda mvura.
Kuputira jira rakatenderera kwakakodzera nzvimbo yakakura yepombi yakati sandara, kunogona kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwekuvaka, asi ukobvu hwekuputira hwakatetepa.
Kuputira jira rakatenderera kwakakodzera nzvimbo yakakura yepombi yakati sandara, kunogona kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwekuvaka, asi ukobvu hwekuputira hwakatetepa.

Nezvedu

Kambani yeduYagara ichitevedzera "sainzi netekinoroji, mhando yekutanga, yakatendeseka uye yakavimbika, uye yakanyatsogadziriswa kwe ls0900l:.2000 system yepasi rose yekutarisira mhando. Kutungamira kwedu kwakasimba tekinoroji itsva, sevhisi yepamusoro, yakawana kuzivikanwa kwevashandisi vazhinji.Senyanzvi, fekitori yeChinese yakasimba uye yakajairika, tinogona kupa mienzaniso kune vatengi vanoda kutenga, kana muchida pendi, ndapota taurai nesu.